Anselm and Aquinas Argument Regarding God - 1678 Words

Anselm and Aquinas Argument Regarding God The article I am writing is about Anselm and Aquinas views on God’s existence and the different arguments trying to find out the same thing, does god exist? And if so what is he? The following will be a comparison about Anselm and Aquinas views on god. I mostly agree with Anselm on the topic of that if god were to exist that he would have to be greater than anything conceived. Although I think Aquinas argument that if everything has the possibility of not being, then at sometime nothing exists and there would be nothing now, and is too weak to have it worth my support. First I will explain the assumption of Anselm and Aquinas, and then evaluate the assumption of each. I will compare and†¦show more content†¦He is saying that god is the first to be created because he is the one that moves the mover, which moved the object. An example is the first to set wood on fire is god and God is the first fire. Quoting Aquinas notes â€Å"whatever lacks intelligence cannot move towards an end, unless it is directed by some being endowed with knowledge and intelligence, as the arrow is shot to its mark by the archer.† Here he points to the archer who aims his arrow towards a mark. The arrow does not arrive at its mark without some intelligence that has selected the arrow, placed it and then aimed and shot. Aquinas concludes, â€Å"Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end; and this being we call God.† This is what we know that is called Thomas Aquinas Five proofs of the existence of God, which were summarized together. Here are the examples I list below: First: The Argument from Motion. (Thomas argues that since everything that moves is moved by another, there must thereby exist an Unmoved Mover, 1st unmoved mover). Second: The Argument from Efficient Cause. (The sequence of causes which make up this universe must have a First Cause, 1st uncaused cause). Third: The Argument to Necessary Being. (Since all existent things depend upon other things for their existence, there must exist at least one thing that is not dependent and so is a Necessary Being). Fourth: The Argument from Gradation. (Since allShow MoreRelatedEssay On Anselm And Aquinas1413 Words   |  6 PagesAnselm and Aquinas on the Existence and Nature of God The great philosophers Anselm and Aquinas both endeavored to convince their peers through philosophical argument that the existence of God was irrefutable. In the process they made claims regarding the nature of God, concerning issues such as His character and being. Despite seeking to discover the same truth about God, Anselm and Aquinas approached the issue at hand in strikingly dissimilar ways. Anselm’s primary argument for God’s existenceRead MoreAnshelm ¬Ã‚ ¥s Proof of God ¬Ã‚ ¥s Existence1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe question about the existence of God or, more generally speaking, of a supernatural entity that steers the course of the world, is probably as old as humanity itself. Many great philosophers were concerned with this basic and yet so important question which remains to be a controversial issue to this day! In the following I will commit myself to the above-mentioned question by firstly reconstructing Anselm ´s proof of God ´s existence and sec ondly considering his position in the light of the critiqueRead MoreHume s Argument For The Idea Of Self Or Selfhood1567 Words   |  7 Pages Study Questions: Exam #3 Hume: Identity 1. 3. Hume’s argument for the idea of self or selfhood is that we are just a â€Å"bundle† of perceptions. Our perceptions and experiences are what make us, us. In simplistic terms, not one impression is constant; therefore, we are not one enduring self because our impressions are always changing. He uses the example of links in a chain; all different pieces making up one thing (Perry, 179-182). 2. Hume’s strict empiricism (theory that all knowledge is derivativeRead MoreKant s Ethical Theory Of Abortion Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth centuries, to the enduring morality debate over abortion. Setting the discussion regarding the morality and immorality of abortion within the Kantian ethics framework provides one with a view that transition from the frequently inflammatory pro-choice and anti-abortion discussion points and towards a deep lucid, philosophical argument of such a controversial topic. Kant’s ethical theory regarding the immorality of abortion highlights that every individual is endowed with some sense ofRead MoreEssay about Module 41422 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and evaluate the argument of St. Anselm for God’s existence. - One of the two Christian greats was St. Anselm. St. Anselm argued that a perfect being is necessary for existence. His argument is even prior to nature. St. Anselm thought it was impossible for anyone to reason about God or God’s existence without already believing in him. St. Anselm started the Ontological Argument based upon the nature of being. The Ontological Argument states that God is â€Å"the greatest beingRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Exist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasonsRead MoreDoes God Exist? The Existence Of God?1876 Words   |  8 PagesDoes God Exist? The existence of God is a question that has troubled and plagued mankind since it began to consider logic. Is there a God? How can we be sure that God exists? Can you prove to me that He is real? Does His existence, or lack thereof, make a significant difference? These loaded questions strike at the heart of human existence. But the real question is, can we answer any of them? These questions are answered in the arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal and St. Anselm of CanterburyRead MoreThe Idea Of Being Present1324 Words   |  6 Pagestypically ascribed to God. It is defined as being present everywhere simultaneously. However, one aspect of this definition that is not as widely agreed upon as the rest of it is the idea of presence. What is it that philosophers’ mean when they refer to the presence of god. The idea of being ‘present’ is a very peculiar one. in the sense that to physical objects it simply describes an object being in some sort of confined region of space, however Per Anselm, when we apply this to a god, an all powerfulRead MoreDoes God Exist? Considering the Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person1530 Words   |  7 Pagesof the existence of God--the superlative being that philosophers have defined and dealt with for centuries. After reading the classic arguments of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, the contentious assertions of Ernest Nagel, and the compelling eyewitness accounts of Julian of Norwich, I have been introduced to some of the most revered and referenced arguments for and against Gods existence that have been put into text. All of them are well-thought and well-articulated arguments, but they have theirRead MoreUnderstanding Epistemology2009 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophy and socio-political change, using the character of Socrates i n his Dialogues to promote a vision of truth and servitude. Throughout the middle ages in Europe, philosophers and theologians focused on the connection between faith and reason, with Aquinas penning the ultimate field guide to this relationship in the Summa. In modern times, faith-based knowledge has been supplanted by empiricism and skepticism, with philosophers attempting to understand how they know and even whether they can know

The Role of Media in Society Free Essays

In the world of today, media has become almost as necessary as food and clothing. It is true that media is playing an outstanding role in strengthening the society. It helps us to know current situations around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Media in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon society. Because of its inherent ability to reach large number of public, it is widely used to convey messages to build public opinion and awareness, its duty is to inform, educate and entertain the people. One of the major duties of media today is to inform the people about the latest happening around them and the world. They cover all the aspects of our interest like weather, politics, war, health, finance, science, fashion, music, etc. The need for more and more news has evolved into creation of dedicated TV radio channels and magazines. People can listen, watch and read latest news whenever and wherever they want. Media people from television and print takes the risk of their lives to inform us about important news. The original idea behind the media was certainly to entertain masses. Media connects us through several mediums. Especially internet has become a need almost for every single individual both for our work and to connect with our friends. Facebook, is a global website where everyone can sign up and have an account. Since 2004 facebook has impacted the world. 80 percent of social media users prefer to connect with brands through Facebook because of its popularity. Roughly, near of 163,071,460 of americans have a facebook account. This is more than the half of the population of the United States Of America. To conclude, media plays a big important role in our society. Though it can cause annoyance for some people, it actually informs us about what it is going on through different mediums. We shouldn? t blame the media because I can assure we all have been involved with it at least once in our life. How to cite The Role of Media in Society, Essay examples

Relations of God to Humanity in Islam Essay Example For Students

Relations of God to Humanity in Islam Essay The Relations of God to Humanity in Islam Essay One of the primary beliefs of the Muslims is that God reveals himself to all people, through prophets such as Mohammed, Abraham, and Jesus, and that Mohammed is the last of these prophets. In the beginning of Sura 2, the Koran is referred to as what We have revealed to Our servant. (12) This is a crucial belief of Islam, as God has offered salvation to all people. However, the Muslims believe that the others who received revelations from God were given only partial revelations or that they corrupted what was given them, so that the Koran is both the revision and the completion of The Book. Thus the Muslims are the chosen people of God, who will fulfill the covenant with Abraham and follow Gods word. There are many passages where the Koran speaks about the Jewish faith, referring to them as People of the Book. These passages often point out places where the Jews have disobeyed the Scriptures and also provide the Muslims with arguments against them. For example, in Sura 2, the Koran alludes to the gift of manna from the heavens during the exodus to the promised land. The Koran states, We caused the clouds to draw their shadow over you and sent down manna and quails, saying: Eat of the good things We have given you. Indeed, they did not wrong Us, but they wronged themselves. (15) Also, an example of the Koran providing arguments occurs when the Koran states They declare: None shall enter paradise but Jews and Christians. Such are their wishful fancies. Say: Let us have your proof, if what you say be true. (21) God, according to Islam, will accept into paradise those who follow his word and do good works. The God of Islam demands that those who believe in him follow his word, as that is the way to lead a good life. The revelations of the Koran state that they are free from error and should be followed exactly. This has also been affirmed and enforced by most of the few Muslim theologists throughout history, though it has been challenged by some. The Koran states We have sent down to you clear revelations: none will deny them except the evil-doers. (19) A part of this belief seems to come from the belief that the Jews broke the covenant with God, and thus fell away from the religion of Abraham. The Muslims are very strict about following the word of God, and those who break the word of God are destined to hell. Those that suppress any part of the Scriptures which God has revealed in order to gain some paltry end shall swallow nothing but fire into their bellies Woeful punishment awaits them. (27) The Koran also serves as a framework for a just society, listing many laws regarding property and treatment of others. Sura 4 and Sura 5 both illustrate this foundation. Sura 4 focuses upon the rights of women, for example, the Koran states Give women their dowry as a free gift; but if they choose to make over to you a part of it, you may regard it as lawfully yours. (60) These strictures are written clearly and seem less religious than one would think. The laws, of course, must be strictly followed in accordance with the belief that God demands his word to be followed. When the laws of the city come from God, it creates a more religious environment. The city itself is oriented upon obeying the word of God, and this aids the community in worship. There is no struggle between the church and secular authority, and those that sin against another citizen sin against God. .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .postImageUrl , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:hover , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:visited , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:active { border:0!important; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:active , .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60ff6edb82a8603fb967ceaf389ef0ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Collector EssayBibliography: .

The Villa Of Mysteri Essays - Greco-Roman Mysteries,

The Villa Of Mysteri they heard the crash of falling roofs; an instant more and the mountain-cloud seemed to roll towards them, dark and rapid, like a torrent; at the same time, it cast forth from its bosom a shower of ashes mixed with vast fragments of burning stone! Over the crushing vines- over the desolate streets- over the amphitheatre itself- far and wide- with many a mighty splash in the agitated sea- fell that awful shower Even though destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius August 24, 79AD, The Villa of Mysteries is full of Pompeian artifacts. The famous mural featuring the cult of Dionysus is amongst this 55room villa. Villa of Mysteries was once flourishing with plant life, bronzed statues, and people working and living in and around the villa. The frescoes in the Villa of Mysteries provide us the opportunity to glimpse something important about the rites of passage for these privileged women of Pompeii. The interior design of the homes or villa's were not paintings hanging from nails, but they were painted actually onto the wall. The cult of Dionysus is one of these painted murals founded in the Villa of Mysteries, the frieze is 10 ft high and 56 ft long. The term mysteries refers to secret initiation rites of the Classical world. The mural exploits the Initiation rites, which; were originally ceremonies to help individuals ?grow up?. This ceremony was designed to bring women into the marrying stage of life. Occasionally a priest or priestess guided the initiate through the ritual; and at the end of the ceremony the initiate was welcomed into the group with open arms. Villa of Mysteries seem to be aimed at preparing privileged, protected girls for the psychological transition to life as married women. The frescoes in the Villa of Mysteries provide us the opportunity to glimpse something important about the rites of passage for these privileged women of Pompeii. (Scene 1) Their bodies seem to be very relaxed, in an open standing position. With the vibrant scarlet Pompeian background that has lasted over 2000 years, and still has a faint shininess to its color. A red so rich, rich like blood. First figure holds a piece of her cloth very elegantly and seductively to cover a gap in her dress, but to those in the cult she is revealing a something under her garment. Her position is reminiscent of one who is about to execute the steps of a martial art in which the purpose of standing loosely centered is to be able to move easily in response into whatever comes. This figure is the beginning of 10 movements throughout the mural. The figures have movement they precede in a single file line along the walls. She eagerly listens to the story of a drama from a small, naked wild child; he reveals the instructed tales of what happens to Dionysus and those who are impelled to follow him. These boots suggest sacrifice in this Dionysian tradition where kids (goats) wer e booted at birth in preparation for ritual death. The next figure along the mural looks back at the naked boy, yet has movement towards Dionysus's throne while she carries objects towards the priestess. (Scene 2) Next a Papposilenus plays on his lyre, while another member of the thiasos brings a veiled basket. Another pours pure water as a blessing for those who are about to be initiated into the cult. We know that we are still in a place of instruction because of the scroll tucked into the tunic of the attendant to the right of the high priestess. This scene shows us some of the objects used in the initiation process. Women throughout the mural take on different roles some look like they are watching, though some are partaking in the details of ritual helping the adolescent Roman brides into womanhood. In many rituals, this regression, assisted by music, is requisite to achieving a psychological state necessary for rebirth and regeneration. This leads us to the next scene where the initiate learns how she is to become closer to nature. (Scene 3) The realization of nature is among the initiate now, a Pan nursing a kid shows this. While another Pan

Things you probably didn`t know about British student life

Things you probably didn`t know about British student life Interesting facts from the history of British student life British student life was quite interesting and exciting even during the Middle Ages. It was full of various traditions, riots, revelries, and characters†¦ Women were not always welcome in academia The male students of Cambridge University didn`t want female students to be granted with the full degrees. In 1897, they hung an effigy of a female cyclist from Cambridge Senate House to show their disapproval. Only in 1948 women could finally get the full degrees. In the late 19th century the first female colleges were established. Women had the opportunity to receive education. However, their student life was not easy. Female students were narrowly watched and tightly scheduled. The violent student protests There was an increasing tension between the local people and Oxford`s students. The St Scholastica Day riot of 1355 became the bloodiest conflict in British student history. There was a violent pub brawl between two scholars and the taverner. After that, the armed struggle began. The medical students had the conflict over vivisection which lasted almost seven years. They scuffled with police, let off stink bombs during court cases, and attacked effigies of a local magistrate. In 1907 a lot of students marched on London in order to defend their rights. In 2010 the student protests spilled over into violence on the streets of London. Students breached the peace, smashing windows, throwing eggs, and setting off the smoke bombs. As a result, 153 students were arrested. The admittance of the young students Nowadays, a lot of the senior students can laugh at the freshmen, who can behave like little children. However, during the Tudor and Stuart periods it was quite normal to admit the students in the age of 12 to the university. The process of gaining a university degree was very long. Those young students could impress their tutors with the astonishing knowledge of different languages and subjects. The boundless merrymaking Students have enjoyed a bit of revelry since the earliest times. St Andrews University is known for its party atmosphere. The tradition of the ‘Raising Weekend’ was something special. Students had several days of parties and challenges which usually ended with a foam fight. That is how the academic family welcomed its freshmen. In the 16th century, the students of Cambridge University usually entertained their peers with the satirical comedies. Everybody was drinking and singing until the morning. They even made fun of the local people. Sometimes, such celebrations could be uncontrollable, so the university authorities were forced to ban such revelry for three years. A warm welcome of foreign students Foreign students could study at the British universities since the 12th century. Many of them faced suspicion, hostility, discrimination, and prejudice. However, a large number pained a positive picture of their student life in Britain as a foreigner. Edward Atiyah, who was born in the Ottoman Empire, was treated with friendliness and kindness while studying at Oxford. He didn`t feel that he was a stranger among the English people. He had positive experience of studying in another country. Samuel Satthianadhan was the Indian student, who studied at Cambridge in the 1870s. He felt himself quite comfortable studying with British students. He had not any feeling of awkwardness. Moreover, the British universities welcomed a lot of the refugee students during the two world wars. Student life was remarkably regulated The student life was not always the time of freedom. In the Middle Ages, students` behavior and morals were significantly controlled. Students were supposed to be sober in character and honest in life. They hadn`t enough time for the extra-curricular activities they were interested in. Students practices archery or took walks speaking in Latin. In 1410 the authorities of Oxford University issued a decree which enforced the students to live in the university halls to prevent them from visiting brothels and taverns at night. Universities weren`t just for the rich It is a popular belief that only children from the wealthy families could study at the first British universities. The medieval Oxford, St Andrews, and Cambridge admitted students from the middle-ranking families. By the 17th century the sizarships were established. Sizars had to work as university servants in order to pay the reduced fees. It was rather degrading for them, but such early bursary system gave many bright minds the opportunity to get the higher education.

Ah Are You Digging On My Gra

Ah, Are You Diging On My Gra Essay, Research Paper The insignificance of human life compared to the transition of clip and continuance of the life rhythm are explored in both Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Ah, Are You Diging On My Grave # 8221 ; and John Keats # 8220 ; When I Have Fears # 8221 ; . Hardy uses the relationships between a dead adult female and her household, friends and pet to demo this insignificance, while Keats uses the magniloquence of nature. Although the verse forms use different riming techniques, similarities are found in their constructions. Hardy writes in a manner of his ain creative activity but uses four of the six poetries to foreground different illustrations of the adult female # 8217 ; s relationships with those left buttocks. The fifth is used as a edifice up of hope, and the concluding poetry is used to demo both the storyteller and the reader how shortly what we consider of import and meaningful in life, can be diminished or forgotten in the lives and day-to-day modus operandis of those left buttocks. Keats, meanwhile, uses a standard sonnet signifier, utilizing his three quatrains to each give a different illustration of what the adult male hopes to carry through in life. The concluding rhyming pair shows his credence of his life as little and undistinguished as compared to the breadth of nature and the universe as a whole ; # 8220 ; -then in the shore Of the broad universe I stand entirely, and believe Till Love and Fame to nothingness make sink. # 8221 ; These verse forms are written from different point of views ; Hardy writes as a adult female already in her grave, and Keats as a adult male still alive. Yet both storytellers come to the decision that what we consider to be of great importance in our lives, is frequently of small to no importance after we die. Time will go through, and life will travel on merely as will without us. However, both of the storytellers figure this fact out in really different ways. The adult male in Keats # 8217 ; verse forms, while alive, has given clip to halt and see how his concerns are proved fiddling, and hence forestall his badgering. Assumeably this will assist him to bask his life, and to be thankful for whatever clip he is left with. The adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form, nevertheless, is still preoccupied with her life, even after she is dead and buried in her grave. It takes the # 8220 ; day-to-day jog # 8221 ; of her Canis familiaris to do her recognize how small she genuinely has affected the lives of those around her. The insignificance of the adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form is shown in four separate illustrations. The first examines the relationship with her hubby. Alternatively of goi nanogram to her sedate site with flowers and unhappiness, he has merely wed another, richer adult female. While she lies in her grave, and still thinks of her hubby as her â€Å"loved one† , he is acquiring on with his life and giving the love that he one time had for her to another adult female. Her kids are besides seeking to travel on, recognizing that no flowers or attention for her grave will of all time convey her dorsum to life, and hence believing that there is no usage brooding on what was. Even the 1 who was her enemy in life no longer hates her, believing that to detest her is a waste of attempt. Finally, the woman’s pet Canis familiaris, the â€Å"one true heart† , who likely stuck by her loyally in life, and loved her above any other, has forgotten all about her, merely retrieving her and her grave as he by chance starts to delve a hole in her grave site to bury a bone to eat on a day-to-day walk. Meanwhile, the adult male in Keats # 8217 ; poem recognize his insignificance in a far gentler, and easier manner. When he starts to worry about deceasing before he has written down everything his head is full of, or about whether or non he # 8217 ; s traveling to see the adult female he loves once more, he takes himself to # 8220 ; the shore of the broad universe # 8221 ; , and shows himself how fiddling such concerns are. He realizes that when he is gone, the universe will maintain turning, life will go on to travel on, and it # 8217 ; s a instead demeaning experience for him. The two characters come to the realisation of there insignificance through wholly different ways. The adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form, seemed to be instead vain and likely considered her life to be unrealized. Unfortunately she was forced to recognize the truth through the fore-mentioned events. On the other manus, the adult male in the Keats # 8217 ; verse form is in awe of nature and the universe around him. He is happy that he found love, and is able to come to footings with the fact that life will travel on without him. Because of the sad and unfortunate subjects to both verse forms, I truly didn # 8217 ; t bask either of them all that much, but if I were to see one to be my front-runner over the other, it would hold to be John Keats # 8217 ; # 8220 ; When I Have Fears # 8221 ; . I found that the construction ( the fact that it was written in the sonnet manner ) , and the rhyming form, made it a drum sander and easier read. I found Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Ah, Are You Diging On My Grave? # 8221 ; to be slightly humdrum. I had a job with maintaining my attending during the verse form and felt he could hold got his point across in a much shorter or possibly less insistent manner. 341

Where Men Win Glory by Jon Krakauer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Where Men Win Glory by Jon Krakauer - Essay Example According to the author, Tillman was an ambitious, driven and complex individual who decided to enlist in the US Armed forces despite his lucrative May 2002 $3.6 million NFL contract offer. The September 11 terror attack on the US influenced this decision. While serving on his second tour in Afghanistan, Tillman died while trying to save members of his platoon. Initially, army officials informed his family that his death occurred during crossfire between the platoon and enemy combatants. This information was soon negated by investigations done after the army revealed that a ranger within the Tillman’s platoon shot him. Through Tillman’s story, Krakaeur hoped to shed light on real, behind the scenes experiences of men and war. The public viewed Tillman as a national hero for his selfless decision to enlist in spite of his lucrative contract. Tillman was at the peak of his American Football career when he joined the army. The Cardinals team had offered him a $ 3.6 million, three-year contract, an offer that would cater for all his financial needs and keep him out of harm’s way. On the contrary, enlisting into the army would result in adverse physiological and psychological consequences. The US was recovering from the September 11 terrorist attack, which exposed weaknesses in the country’s counterintelligence mechanisms and sparked a full-fledged war against countries in the Middle East. Choosing to enlist during this time meant that Tillman would be in the frontlines fighting for his life sooner compared to those who enlisted during peaceful times. The country’s former President George W. Bush capitalized on Tillman’s decision to join the army. He used Tillman as a poster-boy to encourage other citizens to enlist and serve their country. Even in death, Tillman proved that he was a national hero. He died in the line of duty in spite of the marred

System Development - Tools and Techniques Essay

System Development - Tools and Techniques - Essay Example The causes of information systems failure may therefore include: - lack of research, risk management criteria as well as long term commitment. In terms of costs and their required functions, the implementation of information systems becomes more complex day by day. Mere assumptions that an individual is in the position of managing and IS project without conducting thorough prior research, formal training, and the engagement of required expertise would be a lie (Korac-Boisvert and Kouzmin 1995). In line with the same, all the stakeholders of an information systems management right from the management, Information technology staff and the leadership ought t be engaged. Risk determination with regards to the project needs to be undertaken as well as factors such as budget overruns and delays needs to be researched and distributed normally before the project is initiated (Westrup 1998). The facilitation of this elaborate plan is majorly only possible when the management engage all partie s in setting a more realistic period under which any given form of information system is delivered. The second cause of failure is the, â€Å"acceptability† of failures. ... Despite being involved in repeated high profile failures you will find that a health institution still succeeds in winning over 60% of government contracts with the only looser being the taxpayer. The training given the high demand for their services at present does not seem to be of any significance as failure seems and order of the day and hence acceptable or to an extent is even expected. The third cause is the lack of user buy-in and ownership. It should be noted that despite an introduction of change, there is need to convince the users of the efficiency that is likely to arise out of a given new system. These would include the onset of better work practices and better patient in the unique environment of the National Healthcare System (Slater 1996). Due to the pragmatism portrayed by most clinicians, the above factors may be of much value to them as well as the convenience brought about by the use of information technology system. Overlooking the end users of a system may be qu ite detrimental; consulting them should therefore be of priority since this would enable the establishment of systems, which are of great relevance to the users of such information (ParA and Elam 1998). An example in the healthcare system would be the implementation of the Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems. Such a system is of much benefit to the management since they provide them with detailed information to enable their scrutiny of the physicians. On the other hand, there is no addition to the daily practice of the physician since with the slowdowns of the systems what results is more frustration (Westrup 1998). The system becomes even more redundant

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay Example for Free

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay There are so many races of human all over the world; we have extensive variations of people, society, and culture. They say that in a given society the distinguishing factor of its people is culture then the culture defines the norms and beliefs. With these several factors alone we become exclusive, unique, and exceptional human beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture affects the way we behave, the way we perceive things, and the way we deal with certain situations. According to the social construction theory, culture produces the society exclusive ways to perceive things, express emotions and the way we experience them. However, there are aspects of emotion that are innate, and universal which means it is the same all across nations and societies and there are other aspects which are constructed by the society in different ways and by different cultures. American culture, norms and beliefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States, generally speaking, is a liberated country; our culture is totally different from other nation’s culture. Nowadays, American culture has been spread globally. Many of other nation’s culture have been influenced by America but others remain constant with what culture they have. Say for example, after turning eighteen a child is allowed to separate from his parents and he or she can live alone. Unlike in other cultures, most especially in the continent of Asia, they practice extended families. This kind of culture of ours is effective expressing our rights as human beings who are given free will to do what we want to do but in other culture they do not consider it as good as the way we do. When I know I am right I tell my mother my insights; this is just an expression of my freedom. I have the freedom to say what I really feel but not in a manner which would offend my mother or any other person I am talking with. Something is normal when you do the right thing for the right case or moment. We, as human beings of any society would weep when someone that is dear to us dies but for some society this is not right. While for us and other societies it is normal to grieve for death of someone Chinese’s don’t believe in this, they just pay people who would weep for them because they believe that weeping is not good. American music   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music is one of the most influential cultures that America has been affecting. I am fond of listening to rock and ballad or RNB and pop music. I guess the reason behind this is the kind of society I live with. We have been the nation which has produced many influential and popular music and musicians in which most of them are doing pop or RNB. We influence other societies with our kind of music that’s why pop and RNB are now listened to by people all over the world. Most teenagers in other societies are very fond of this kind of music. I think beat makes the music good to hear even though some of its lyrics are censored. However, this kind of music somehow makes people wild most; it influences kids and most especially the teenagers. American attitude and behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can say I am a competitive person. I guess that it comes from the society’s culture because we are known to be competitive globally; our attitude towards progress is very positive. We are optimistic in nature and we perceive things in a positive way. We identify mistakes positively and we do not take it against ourselves. I am also a risk taker, with regards to optimism I often take risks though I know that there are several factors that would make my decisions worse. I often decide on things even though I don’t know how high the level of success is because I know that somehow I have taken my chance. American’s are very competitive that’s why it was one of the first countries who have been industrialized all over the world. We often innovate because we are not satisfied with what we have because we know that there can be better. I don’t settle for something that is less, as well as any other American citizen’s because I know that I can do better and I can have a better thing. Another thing I can say about myself that I have gained from my culture is that I am independent. This is a positive culture because at an early age I have learned not to ask money from my parents if I wanted to buy something for myself. For most societies other than mine the children are dependent of their parents not until they are married or until they finished their degree and find a job to support themselves with what they need. Emotions The previous American culture nowadays also influence a person’s way regarding on how they express their emotions; for example: when I get angry or mad about something, I tend to listen to a music which is loud and expresses deepest anger or those songs which are seemingly rebellious. Other people on the contrary tend to drink excessive alcohol beverages till they get sober and forget whatever they are worrying about. In general, culture primarily imposes its strong influence towards people’s behavior; the way they think, the way they perceive things, and the way they deal with matters and situations. Culture also strongly influences the society’s way of expressing their feelings and emotions.

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 :: essays research papers

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 1. Introduction The objective of this document is to emphasize the importance of simulation as a measure of complexity reduction and planner’s tool for decision support in MNE 4’s Effects-Based Planning (EBP) process. Starting with an overview of the underlying principles of Wargaming and Modeling and Simulation (M&S), the outcome of this abstract is a ‘Process for the application of simulation to support Wargaming in MNE 4’. This document may also serve as a basis for MNE 4 design and execution decision-makers in order to determine the value of simulation as a wargaming tool for MNE 4. 2. The Art of Wargaming Wargaming and Course-of-Action Analysis are approved instruments of military planning in order to determine the feasibility and validity of military options and plans. Traditionally wargaming was conducted by exposing Blue military options to the challenges of Red Team’s counter-actions just using people’s brain, pen and paper. Today, the complexity of the battlefield has experienced significant increases due to the challenges of asymmetric menaces after the end of the Cold War. The concept of Effects-Based Operations (EBO) tries to embrace these new conditions based on ambitious processes like Knowledge Base Development (KBD). Furthermore, military planning and operation execution have to cope not only with a highly complex and dynamic adversary’s system conducting asymmetric operations, but also with great challenges on the Blue side, such as the coordination and interaction of multiple coalition partners and different agencies and organizations in a non-linear battlespace. Experiences from recent months and years have undoubtedly proven that EBO cannot be successfully conducted without adequate support by IT tools. Especially the various wargaming activities within EBP cannot be properly accomplished by just using traditional measures. Military planners desperately need automated tools in order to handle data masses, multi-dimensional and dynamic interrelations within the adversary’s system and own (blue) forces and instruments. 3. Simulation as an Analysis Method Basically, there are two major approaches for answering optimization questions: the analytical approach and the numerical approach. As the analytic approach tries to exactly calculate results considering the objective function, limitation variables and all other relevant factors, the numerical approach allows only for approximate results often using iterative or even heuristic processes. Nevertheless, numerical methods have a far more practical weight (see Reference 3) since in opposition to the analytical methods they can handle complex systems with great varieties of variables. Simulation is one of a whole set of numerical methods and additionally, it comprises another major advantage especially useful for wargaming problems: it models dynamics.

The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde

The Picture of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel written by Irish writer, Oscar Wilde. The main character, rich and beautiful Dorian Gray, owns his portrait, which instead of him becomes older and where are traces of sin and mistakes. While Gray becomes uncontrollable and ruthless, his appearance stays youthful and flawless. At the end, in his despair, Gray destroys the picture and himself. The novel gives us a very good lesson – we can do whatever we want, but time is more powerful than us, which means that one day, everybody of us will have to say goodbye to this world.The novel begins with discussion about beauty. Basil Hallward (the artist) and his friend Lord Henry have different thoughts about it. Basil is sensitive artist who is painting the portrait of a young man of the immense beauty. They also talked about life in general, where Lord mentioned that beauty is the only thing that matters and Basil thinks that only stupid and ugly people live the best. Basil accidentally mentioned Dorian Gray, the name of his male muse. He was completely inspirated of him. Gray was an innocente, shy and moral boy who came from rich family.He represented an ideal of male beauty. When Lord met him, he made a strong influence on him that dramatically changed his life. He was a strong hedonist, full of ideas. His philosophical thoughts made strong influences on Dorian that in one moment completely changed his life. After the painting was finished, Basic gave it to Dorian and he fell in love with it. He wished that never grows old. As the story goes on, something unexpected happened. The painting started to change, it was becoming uglier and uglier.Dorian was growing older, but only on the painting. It means that from the day he got that painting, he started living double life. He decided not to tell anybody about his secret. Everything started when he came back home from the cinema. He had a conflict with his fiancee, about eighteen yea rs old Sybil who was an actress in a low budget theatre. She realized that all the time she was living in a lie and decided to play poorly on her last show. Dorian became dissapointed and also embarassed in front of Basil and Henry.Her only knowledge of love was love of theatre. Unfortunately, Dorian decided to break up with her. His decision broke her heart and she commited suicide. As the time went on, Dorian still stayed a young man and did not change. The saddest moment of the story is when he killed Basil. His conscience started to chase him, and he grabbed the same knife to kill him and destroy his painting. At the end of the story, Dorian killed himself. The servants hardly recognized him. All sins he did during his life, were moved from the painting to his dead body.

Sachin Tendulkar

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar  (English pronunciation:  /s t n t? n? du? lk? r/  (  listen); born 24 April 1973)[1]  is an  Indian cricketer  widely acknowledged as the greatestbatsman  in  One Day Internationals[2]  and second only to  Don Bradman  in the all time greatest list in  Test cricket. [3]  In 2002,  The Wisden  ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind  Don Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind  Viv Richards. [4]  Tendulkar was a part of the  2011 Cricket World Cup  winning  Indian team  in the later part of his career, his first such win in six World Cup appearances for India. 5]  He was also the recipient of â€Å"Player of the Tournament† award of the  2003 Cricket World Cup  held in South Africa. Tendulkar won the 2010  Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy  for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards. [6]  He has been recommended for the receipt of the  Bharat Ratna  award, in fact it has been speculated that the criteria for the award of the  Bharat Ratna  was changed to allow him receive the award. [7][8]  He is also a member of  Rajya Sabha  ofParliament of India. [9]  Tendulkar passed 30,000 runs in international cricket on 20 November 2009.On 5 December 2012, Tendulkar became first batsman in history to cross the 34,000 run aggregate in all formats of the game put together. [10][11][12]  At 36 years and 306 days, he became the first ever player to score a double-century in the history of ODIs. Two years later he became the first player to score 100 international centuries. As of December 2012, Tendulkar has played 657 matches in international cricket. [13] Tendulkar has been honoured with the  Padma Vibhushan  award, India's second highest civilian award, and the  Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna  award, India's highest sporting honour.He was also the first sportsperson and the first one without  aviat ionbackground to be awarded the honorary rank of  Group Captain  by the  Indian Air Force. Tendulkar has received honorary doctorates from  University of Mysore  andRajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. [14][15]  Sachin holds the 19th rank in  ICC Player Rankings  for Test batsmen as of 17 March 2013. [16]  On 1 August 2012, Sachin Tendulkar was nominated for the ICC People's Choice award for the third time. [17]  In 2012, he was nominated to  Rajya Sabha, the upper house of theParliament of India.Sachin Tendulkar was named as an Honorary  Member of the Order of Australia  in 2012. [18]  On 23 December 2012, Tendulkar announced his retirement from ODIs. [19][20][21][22]  Tendulkar has already stated that he will not be playing  T20 Internationals  [23] Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Early years and personal life * 1. 1  Beliefs * 2  Early domestic career * 3  International career * 3. 1  Early career * 3. 2  Rise through the ranks * 3. 3  Captaincy * 3. 4  Injuries and apparent decline * 3. 5  Return to old form and consistency * 3.   2007/08 tour of Australia * 3. 7  Home series against South Africa * 3. 8  Sri Lanka Series * 3. 9  Return to form and breaking the record * 3. 10  ODI and Test Series against England * 3. 11  2009–2010 * 3. 12  2011 World Cup and after * 3. 12. 1  100th international century * 3. 12. 2  Return To Ranji Trophy and retirement from ODIs * 4  Indian Premier League and Champions League * 5  Style of play * 6  Controversies * 6. 1  Mike Denness incident * 6. 2  Ferrari import tax * 7  Fan following * 8  Business interests * 8.   Commercial endorsements * 9  Political career * 10  Career achievements * 10. 1  Individual honours and appreciations * 10. 1. 1  National honours * 10. 1. 2  Other honours * 11  Philanthropy * 12  Biographies * 13  See also * 14  Further reading * 15  Notes * 16  References * 17  Externa l links| ————————————————- Early years and personal life Tendulkar was born on 24 April 1973 into a  Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin  family in Bombay (now  Mumbai). [24][25][26]  His father Ramesh Tendulkar was a reputed  Marathi  novelist and his mother Rajni worked in the insurance industry. 27]  Ramesh named Tendulkar after his favourite music director,  Sachin Dev Burman. Tendulkar has three elder siblings: two half-brothers Nitin and Ajit, and a half-sister Savita. They were Ramesh's children from his first marriage. [28]  He spent his formative years in the  Sahitya Sahawas Cooperative Housing Society,  Bandra (East), Bombay. As a young boy, Tendulkar was considered a bully, and often picked up fights with new children in his school. [29]  He also showed an interest in  tennis, idolising  John McEnroe. [30]  To help curb his mischievous and bu llying tendencies, Ajit introduced him to cricket in 1984.He introduced the young Sachin to  Ramakant Achrekar, a famous cricket coach of Bombay and a club cricketer of repute, at  Shivaji Park,  Dadar, Bombay. Achrekar was impressed with Tendulkar's talent and advised him to shift his schooling to Sharadashram Vidyamandir (English) High School,[1]  a school at Dadar which had a dominant cricket team and had produced many notable cricketers. [31]  Prior to this, Tendulkar had attended the Indian Education Society's New English School in Bandra (East). [31]  He was also coached under the guidance of Achrekar at Shivaji Park in the mornings and evenings. 32]  Tendulkar would practice for hours on end in the nets. If he became exhausted, Achrekar would put a one-rupee  coin on the top of the  stumps, and the bowler who dismissed Tendulkar would get the coin. If Tendulkar passed the whole session without getting dismissed, the coach would give him the coin. Tendulkar n ow considers the 13 coins he won then as some of his most prized possessions. [33]  He moved in with his aunt and uncle, who lived near Shivaji Park, during this period, due to his hectic schedule. [31] Sachin Tendulkar and his wife Anjali Meanwhile at school, he developed a reputation as a child prodigy.He had become a common conversation point in Mumbai cricketing circles, where there were suggestions already that he would become one of the greats. Besides school cricket, he also played club cricket, initially representing John Bright Cricket Club in Bombay's premier club cricket tournament, the Kanga League,[31]  and later went on to play for the  Cricket Club of India. [34]In 1987, at the age of 14, he attended the  MRF Pace Foundation  in Madras (now  Chennai) to train as a  fast bowler, but Australian fast bowler  Dennis Lillee, who took a world record 355 Test wickets, was unimpressed, suggesting that Tendulkar focus on his batting instead. 35]A couple of mont hs later, former Indian batsman  Sunil Gavaskar  gave him a pair of his own ultra light pads. â€Å"It was the greatest source of encouragement for me,† Tendulkar said nearly 20 years later after surpassing Gavaskar's world record of 34 Test centuries. [36]  His season in 1988 was extraordinary, with Tendulkar scoring a century in every innings he played. He was involved in an unbroken 664-runpartnership  in a Lord Harris Shield inter-school game against Anjuman-E-Islam High School in 1988 with his friend and team-mateVinod Kambli, who would also go on to represent India.The destructive pair reduced one bowler to tears and made the rest of the opposition unwilling to continue the game. Tendulkar scored 326 (not out) in this innings and scored over a thousand runs in the tournament. [37]  This was a record partnership in any form of cricket until 2006, when it was broken by two under-13 batsmen in a match held at  Hyderabad  in India. On 24 May 1995,[38]  at th e age of 22, Tendulkar married Anjali, a  paediatrician  and daughter of  Gujarati  industrialist Anand Mehta and British social worker Annabel Mehta.Anjali is six years his senior. [39]  They have two children, Sara (born 12 October 1997) and Arjun (born 24 September 1999). Arjun, a left handed batsman, has recently been included in under-14 probables list of Mumbai Cricket Association for off-season training camp. In January 2013 he was selected in mumbai under-14 team for the west zone league  [40] Beliefs Tendulkar is known to be a religious person,[41]  and an ardent devotee of  Sathya Sai Baba  of Puttaparthi. [42][43][44]  He has visited Puttaparthi on several occasions to seek Baba's blessings. 42][45]  In 1997, Tendulkar captained the Indian National side, playing against a World Eleven team, in the Unity Cup which was held at the hill view stadium in Puttaparthi, in Baba's presence. [46][47]  After Sai Baba's death, Tendulkar broke into tears when h e saw the body of Baba in Puttaparthi, and cancelled his birthday celebrations. [48][49][50]  The cricketer is also known to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi at home and frequently visits temples during night when it is calm and quiet. [41][51]  The cricketer has also offered his prayers at several other  Hindu  temples across the country. 52][53] ————————————————- Early domestic career On 14 November 1987, Tendulkar was selected to represent  Bombay  in the  Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic  first-class crickettournament, for the 1987–88 season. However, he was not selected for the final eleven in any of the matches. [31]  A year later, on 11 December 1988, aged just 15 years and 232 days, Tendulkar made his debut for Bombay against  Gujarat  at home and scored 100 not out in that match, making him the youngest Indian to score a century on fir st-class debut.He was handpicked to play for the team by the then Mumbai captain  Dilip Vengsarkar  after watching him easily negotiating India's best fast bowler at the time,  Kapil Dev, in theWankhede Stadium  nets,[1]  where the  Indian team  had come to play against the touring  New Zealand team. He followed this by scoring a century in his first Deodhar and Duleep Trophies, which are also Indian domestic tournaments. [54] Tendulkar finished the 1988–89 season as Bombay's highest run-scorer. [note 1][55]  He also made an unbeaten century in the  Irani Trophy  match against  Delhi  at the start of the 1989–90 season, playing for the Rest of India. 56] In 1992, at the age of 19, Tendulkar became the first overseas-born player to represent  Yorkshire, which prior to Tendulkar joining the team, never selected players even from other English counties. [1][note 2]  Selected for Yorkshire as a replacement for the injuredAustralian  fast bow ler  Craig McDermott, Tendulkar played 16 first-class matches for the county and scored 1070 runs at an average of 46. 52. [57] His first double century was for Mumbai while playing against the visiting Australian team at the  Brabourne Stadium  in 1998. [1]  He is the only player to score a century in all three of his domestic first-class debuts. 58] ————————————————- International career Early career Raj Singh Dungarpur  is credited for the selection of Tendulkar for the Indian tour of  Pakistan  in late 1989,[59]  and that also after just one first class season. [60]  The Indian selection committee had shown interest in selecting Tendulkar for the tour of the  West Indies  held earlier that year, but eventually did not select him, as they did not want him to be exposed to the dominant fast bowlers of the West Indies so early in his career. Tendulka r mad

The range of complementary therapies Essays

The range of complementary therapies Essays The range of complementary therapies Paper The range of complementary therapies Paper The term complementary medicine is used by conventional medical practitioners to refer to nom-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques which are used in conjunction with allopathic medical treatments such as drugs and surgery. The term implies that sometimes conventional medicine is used as a primary tool and also a non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical complementary technique is used as a supplement when needed. Complementary medicine has become an increasing feature of healthcare practice, but there still remains some confusion about what exactly complementary therapy is and what position the techniques included under this term should hold in relation to conventional medicine. Complementary therapy is based on the interaction between the mind, body and the energy systems combining them; this holistic approach to healing is found useful for the treatment of many conditions, such as asthma, migraine, insomnia and stress. Reflexology, acupuncture, massage and reiki are some popular examples of holistic complementary therapies. Complementary therapies fall into four main types of therapy; 1. Hands on, body manipulation therapies like acupuncture. 2. Energy based therapies like reiki 3. Mind body interaction therapies like EFT 4. Therapies based on other systems Patients or carers don’t have to have a particular health need to use complementary therapy. People often use them to maintain their general well-being or as something to treat themselves to. Most people can use aspects of a variety of complementary therapies as a means of support, which is safe and effective. Holistic – Holistic therapy is a generic term for any treatment/therapy session that is intended to treat the individual as a whole on all levels – mind, body and spirit. Most complementary or alternative therapies could be regarded as holistic. Alternative – When an alternative medicine or therapy is used alone or instead of a conventional medicine, it is called alternative. Complementary – When treatment or therapy is done alongside or in addition to conventional medicine, it is referred to as complementary medicine as the two practices complement each other. -Describe the why the use of complementary therapies is on the increase and why this is the case The use of therapies such as reflexology, acupuncture and herbal medicines has rapidly increased over the last two decades and is now used by around six million people a year. Britons spend ? 130m a year on complementary treatments and it is estimated that this will exceed to more than ? 200m over the next four years. Recent surveys found that using such therapies was especially strong among women aged between 35 and 54. 29% of the people interviewed had received some form of complementary and alternative medicine over the previous 12 months, with a very wide range of therapies being used. Compared to previous surveys in the UK there is an increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine, with over 75% still being provided outside the National Health Service, indicating that the general population is willing to pay for these treatments. Evidence suggested that integrated medicine – medicine in which conventional and complementary approaches are combined – is more cost-effective than conventional medicine alone. The survey reported that the most used therapies, in order, were aromatherapy, reflexology, massage therapy, acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine and relaxation. Usage ranged from just over 14% for aromatherapy to 9% relaxation. Complementary approaches may involve self-treatment or a practitioner. Of practitioner treatments reflexology was most commonly used. According to the survey, acupuncture, chiropractic and herbal medicine were chosen most often for a health reason whereas aromatherapy and reflexology were more commonly used for wellness and relaxation. It said common health problems were musculoskeletal, stress, women’s health and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. In terms of how effective the treatment was, 74% of respondents who had received acupuncture thought it was definitely very helpful; the least confidence was shown in aromatherapy in that 17% said it was definitely not helpful. -Produce an annotated map of the area showing the range of therapies within Wolverhampton. A – Justicia Health and Complementary Therapies (14 Sherborne Gardens, Codsall, Wolverhampton, South Staffordshire, WV8 1BN). Justica has been providing complementary therapies to a variety of clients in the West Midlands, Staffordshire and Shropshire area, with experience in a range of settings, including gyms, the NHS and office environments. Operating from a clinic in Codsall, Justica is managed by a qualified and insured holistic health practitioner. Justica offers a wide range of treatments to suit a variety of health concerns, these treatments include aromatherapy, eastern facial massage, EFT, food allergy testing, holistic massage, hopi ear candling, indian head massage, reflexology, reiki and remedial massage. B – MJM Holistic Therapies (William Barrows Way, Tipton, West Midlands, DY4 9ED). This is a privately run business which provides a range of different holistic therapies. C – Eubotic Holistic Health Clinice (93, Berrington Lodge, Tettenhall Road, Wolverhampton, WV3 9PE). Private treatments including massage techniques, laughter therapy, relaxation session and a variety of different yoga styles. Eubotica is run by a qualified therapist. D – Bowen Technique (4 Gleneagles Road, Wolverhampton, WV6 7YN). This is a privately run business. The bowen technique is a gentle non-invasive, remedial therapy which uses light rolling movements made by fingers or thumbs over soft tissue and muscle to initiate a healing response. E – Wednesfield Holistic Therapy Centre Ltd (12 High Street, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, WV11 1SZ. This is NHS funded. It offers a wide range of complementary therapies for NHS patients. F – Myatt Anita (564 Penn Road, Wolverhampton, WV4 4HU). This is a privately run business, offering a wide range of different therapies including acupuncture and aromatherapy. G – Wolverhampton Homeopathy Clinic (194 Penn Road, Wolverhampton, WV3 0EN). This is a private and NHs funded business. It accepts NHS and private patients. H – Herbal Remedies UK (182 Newhampton Road East, Leicester Square, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, WV1 4PQ). This is a privately run business. It specialises in acupuncture. I – Angela Robertshaw Reiki Train (20 High Street, Albrighton, Wolverhampton, WV7 3JB. Angela of Wolverhampton started practicing Reiki in 1990. Angela Robertshaw Reiki in Wolverhampton, west midlands are experienced holistic therapists. They offer a complete service including, reiki training, reiki courses, holistic therapy, energy, healing, stress management and relaxation. -Discuss the factors that affect access to complementary therapies There are many factors which may either deter of influence complementary therapy. Complementary therapy is a natural therapy which is used instead of orthodox medication; there are many different reasons why individuals may choose to use their own remedies and therapies. These include; * Geographical * Physical * Social-economic * Cultural * Education Physical Factors; Many individuals may experience many physical factors such as pain and mobility problems, some individuals may feel that taking orthodox medicines such as paracetamol may not be the best pain relief. Different people may encounter different side effects from taking medicines therefore they may chose natural alternatives such as massages and acupuncture, the influenced therapies such as these as pain can be eliminated naturally without any side effects. However individuals may feel that therapies may not be the best option as you may have to have several treatments before the problem is treated, secondly individuals may use orthodox methods as the pain they are experiencing may go away much quicker. Mobility is a factor that can either promote or hinder an individual’s access to complementary therapy for example due to an individual’s mobility they may be unable to gain access to the premises or the premises may not provide the facilities that are needed to accommodate for this individual. An individual with mobility problems may choose to use complementary therapies as certain therapies such as reflexology may help to ease the pain and help the movements in their joints. Geographical Factors; The area in which you live can have a great impact on an individual’s access to complementary therapy. Individuals living in urban areas have a great range to centres that are available without them having to travel distances to access them. When living in an urban area, there are advantages such as public transport that runs regularly however the problem with this is that urban areas can sometimes be highly congested with traffic, this may discourage an individual to use certain centres due to busy roads. Suburb areas are the opposite as they are less likely to be congested as there is very little traffic. As there is little public transport it can be very time consuming for an individual to travel far distances to access a centre. Individuals living in rural and suburb areas may have very few centres that are available. Culture; When analysing research complementary therapies are very common when it comes to culture. Not all cultures may use or believe in the same theories as they all come from different origins. For example within Africa some tribes forbid individuals to used therapies such as acupuncture as it is seen as witchcraft. Within some countries such as America complementary therapies may be used regularly, the reason for this is that individuals have to pay for their healthcare therefore it does not matter whether they choose to use orthodox or complementary treatments. Most Chinese people tend to use herbal remedies as it is part of their culture. The herbal use of remedies among the Chinese may be due to the fact that herbal use is very common within the Chinese culture in general. Within the afro Caribbean culture complementary therapies such as teas, vitamins, nutritional supplements, are used very regularly as it is part of their culture. Social economic; Your social class status can either hinder or promotes a persons access to complementary therapy. Your social class is divided into either categories with the lowest starting from one and the highest being eight. Depending on the social class of an individual is in, it will establish the wealth of that individual. From research on complementary therapies some treatments can be quite costly and most treatments vary. Most sessions normally last about 40-60 minutes at a time and depending on what treatment an individual needs depends on their circumstance, you ill normally need about 6-8 treatments. You social class can prevent you using complementary therapies as it can be expensive. Education; Whether an individual has been educated or the type of education they may receive can either influence of deter the use and access to the therapies available. Many individuals will visit their GP, who will then prescribe them with orthodox medicine according to their needs. Many people have not been educated and informed about the many other ways their health problems can be treated, lack of education hinders peoples access to the services available as they are unaware of the choices.

Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 - Essay Example According to JSTOR (1950), this approach has been rendered urgent by the fall in value of money, which has made the present financial limits of the Poor Person's Procedure totally inadequate, and the satisfactory arrangements for legal advice for the forces during the late war, have focused attention on the need for similar arrangements for civilians. (p. 81-87) Legal aid or legal help is the act of providing initial assistance and advice to any legal problem. The idea is that the state meets the cost of the case. Legal aid and advice is an initiative designed to enable the people of England who would not normally have access to the legal services the rare opportunity to bring a case into a court of law. According to Article 6 of Human Rights, everybody should be given a fair public hearing while determining his obligations and civil rights. This should be done by an impartial and independent tribunal which is set up by law. The judgment should also be pronounced through the press to the public. Most important point mentioned here is that everyone is innocent until he is proven guilty. The following rights are also available to anyone that is charged with a criminal offense; the first right is that, the person should be informed on time in a language that he can speak the type and cause of crime that he is accused of. The second point is that he should be given enough time to prepare for his defense. Thirdly, he should be allowed to defend himself in person or through legal assistance and to be given legal assistance for free when he is not able to afford it. The fourth right is that, he should be allowed to examine witnesses against him. The last right in this article is that, he s hould have free assistance of an interpreter in times when he cannot speak a language. A report by one Rushcliffe of 1949 hinted that equal opportunity of right to representation in a court of law was a fundamental instrument to a just society. Rushcliffe in his 1945 report did recommend the establishment for the first time of legal aid scheme in the Legal Aid and Legal Advice Act 1949. Until 1970, legal aid was just confined to civil disputes (divorce and matrimonial problems). Lord Chancellor in 1970 called for auxiliary legal services through tribunals. The responsibility of legal aid then lay with the Law Society. In 1888, a new system was mooted and it brought legal aid services under the control of central government, which then established the Legal Aid Board. This board, unlike the previous one, acquired a new role and responsibility. For instance, the Legal Aid Board was responsible for the financing of all state paid legal work. However still the poor could not access legal services and obtain justice and something had to be done to address their problems. In 1999, the Access to Justice Act did pass in parliament and it made a fundamental move with respect to justice accessibility by the less fortunate in the society. The Access to Justice Act was quite radical in its proposals. It proposed immediate abolishment of the defunct Legal Aid Board and instead established an independent body the Legal Service Commission (LSC) under the Ministry of Justice and did redraw the entire mode of funding and controlling the legal aid. LSC was provided with a lot of powers to enable it

Endangered Species Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Endangered Species - Research Paper Example Scholars have even suggested that the world may be in the verge of experiencing its sixth massive species die off (Darling 14). Extinction may be defined as the death of a particular species and thus, disappearing completely. In the past there have been about five events of historical mass extinction acknowledged by scientist: the Cretaceous, the Ordovician, the Triassic, the Permian, and the Devonian. Scientists are of the opinion that the world is actually experiencing the Holocene, which is the sixth massive species die off. Even though the past historical mass extinction episodes were induced by natural phenomenon, the current extinction event (the Holocene) is the directly cause by human activities. Discussion The current extinction event unlike the past ones is directly cause by human activities the earlier events were caused by events such as natural climate shifts, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid strikes. It is a proven fact that about 99 % of the currently endangers plants and animals in our planet , are at risk from the activities of human beings particularly those activities that leads to loss of habitat, global warming, as well as introduction of exotic species (Sheehan 33). It is worth mentioning that for every species that faces extinction, there is a very high possibility that other species that are bound to that particular species in the complex web of the ecology may also be at a risk of extinction following the interruption of the complex ecological web. Consequently, a number of species may be directly or indirectly at risk of extinction once a particular species disappears from the face of the earth following its extinction. One of the many species that are at risk of extinction is the Komodo dragon found in the natural habitats of Indonesian Islands. The Komodo dragons are found in Lesser Sunda islands, Komodo Islands, Rinca Islands, as well as Islands of Montang, Gili, and Padar found in indonasia. It is estimated that the remaining popul ation of the Komodo dragons is approximately 4,000 to 5,000 and as such, they are listed as the endangered species in the Red List of the IUCN. The komodo dragons are commonly reffered by the name of buaja, Ora, and darat which basically means terra firma crocodile. The scientific name of the Komodo dragon is Varanus Komodoensis. They weigh about 300 pounds and grow to a length of up to 29 inches, making it the largest and heaviest lizard in the world. The creature also has an incredible sense of smell (Sahtouris 32). The Komodo dragon has a very flexible skull for purposes of enabling it to swallow huge lumps of prey. The dragons’ bit is extremely dangerous as it has very deadly venom that is capable of killing the prey within a very short time. These fascinating creatures have a life span of about 20 to 40 years. They also have a freckled skin with various colors such as slate black, earthen red, and slate gray in the adult dragons, while on the younger ones they have numer ous colors ranging from green, brown, gray, and sometimes yellow (Miller 45). The major factors that poses a great risk of possible extinction of the komodo dragons is decrease in the prey base of the creature, volcanic activities, as well as forest fire. In addition, it is pertinent to mention that the loss of the creature prey based is largely as a result of human activities such as poaching these prey species, and forest fires caused by human activities

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 11

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Employees may submit, in writing, any comments or documentation related to their job performance. If a performance review contains a recommendation to refute a salary increase, the supervisor or Chief Executive Officer must give clear and logical action for the employee to follow to get the increment. An employee’s performance must be re-evaluated after six months and, if required, the increment is permissible. Informal reviews may take place throughout the year; however, for any information to be included in the employee’s personnel file, the review must hold a written document read and signed by the employee. Other than the formal review and any informal reviews conducted by employees’ supervisor, the Executive Director can talk about performance with any employee regularly. Such discussions may be followed up by written statement, a copy of which will be placed in the staff member’s file. Health Benefits: The employees are given a choice between HMO (health maintenance organization) and a PPO (preferred provider organization). Also, the Company will bear 80 percent of the cost of medical insurance for employees and their dependents. Dental coverage is also included in the health benefit. The Vision plan is also a part of the health benefit offered by the Company which includes free yearly eye test and an annual allowance for new glasses or contact lenses.   Based on the judgment of the Chief Executive Officer, the Company may top up an employee’s salary while he/she is on short-term disability. The amount of the â€Å"top up† will be one-third of the staff person’s salary at the time of the disability leave. Educational Assistance: The Company also offers financial back up for educational assistance for the employees and his/her immediate family. This entails in-house educational programmes for the employees, scholarships and educational loans for employees’ children. Our Company believes in safeguarding the rights of female

Conclusion and Decisions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conclusion and Decisions - Term Paper Example The earnings per share of the company were $1.99 and it had a declared dividend of $0.99. The return on capital of the firm was 19%. Based on the basic financial analysis performed it seems as if Sysco is a sound financial investment. I would invest $1 million in SYY common stocks. The two other decisions regarding Sysco is whether or not invest in Sysco corporate bonds and to decide if Sysco is worthy of a bank credit line for its short term needs. The best way to determine how good the corporate bonds of the company are is by testing if the firm has the ability to pay off its long term debt. A ratio that can help determine if the firm can pay its long term debt is the debt ratio. The debt ratio is calculated dividing assets by liabilities. The debt ratio of Sysco is 1.59. A good debt ratio is one above 1.0. Based on these results I would recommend a $500,000 investment in Sysco bonds. The final decision is regarding whether the company deserves a line of credit for its short term n eeds. A liquidity ratio that helps determine the ability of the company to pay off its short term debts is the current ratio. The current ratio is calculated dividing current assets by current liability. A current ratio is good is it is above 1.0. The current ratio of Sysco is 1.69. Based on the ratio analysis result I would recommend the bank approve a $1 million credit line. Work Cited Page Sysco.com. 2011.

Electricity From Municipal Solid Waste Of Lahore Environmental Sciences Essay

Electricity From Municipal Solid Waste Of Lahore Environmental Sciences Essay This research is based on production of electricity from Municipal solid Waste of Lahore. Different studies have been done in world to find out low cost method for the production of electricity. This research is considered useful to collect results of this study and compare them with costs of electricity production from other energy sources. The comparison can then be used to provide a correct perspective of the economic and environmental aspects of the different means of production of electricity. In this research production of electricity was through incineration of municipal solid waste of Lahore. The primary data regarding waste collection, transportation and management of waste was collected from different local municipal waste management authorities and Lahore compost limited. Secondary data concerning procedure for the production of electricity from the MSW and the prices of machinery and equipment was gathered by consultation of literature in different libraries, from the pub lished material by different concerned establishments and cost analysis done by different organization like IAEA. Pakistan is a developing country, it is currently facing many problems and among these is electricity and waste management. Lahore is capital of Punjab and has a population of approximately 10 million. Its current municipal waste management and disposal system is the reason for its rapidly deteriorating waste problems. About 4500 tons/day of municipal solid waste out of a total 5800 tons/day is collected at five different landfill site of Lahore. Primarily business, household and commercial waste are collected and disposed of by burying in landfills site. Most of this waste is without any sorting. This research is based on production of electricity from Municipal solid Waste of Lahore. Different studies have been done in world to find out low cost method for the production of electricity. This research is considered useful to collect results of this study and compare them with costs of electricity production from other energy sources. The comparison can then be used to provide a correct perspective of the economic and environmental aspects of the different means of production of electricity. In this research production of electricity was through incineration of municipal solid waste of Lahore. The primary data regarding waste collection, transportation and management of waste was collected from different local municipal waste management authorities and Lahore compost limited. Secondary data concerning procedure for the production of electricity from the MSW and the prices of machinery and equipment was gathered by consultation of literature in different libraries, from the pub lished material by different concerned establishments and cost analysis done by different organization like IAEA. The objective of this research is to find whether electricity production from MSW of Lahore can be used as an alternative source of electricity production with increase environment and social benefit. Following are the targets for research. Utilization of MSW to generate energy Find feasibility for using MSW as source of electricity production Reduction of MSW Reduction of environmental and social problems at the disposal site Improvement of MSW management services. Background of the topic Energy is very important for the socioeconomic development of any country and is also considered as lifeline of the economy.it is necessary for lightening our cities, power our vehicles and to run machinery in factory and industrial units etc. Demand for energy is increasing on daily basis due to increase in population and development of industries but supply of energy is not increasing with the same rate because of which a bottle neck is created in the supply of energy which is causing energy crisis in Pakistan. Pakistans energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown.   During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 % and 3.09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.  Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country Many years have passed since the electricity production from waste was welcomed as cheap source of electricity production in the world. However the main motivation for this program is to provide an affordable and secure source of electricity both for the short and long term. The cost at which electricity can be provided is a highly important issue. For many years, the relative costs of different methods of electricity generation have been estimated and compared by a wide range of organizations in order to develop a proper perspective. The history of producing of electricity from incineration of solid wastes in Pakistan is not very old. There was no concept of producing electricity from waste for a long time period after creation of Pakistan. Initially it started at some sugar mills that started this activity by burning of sugar cane bagasse that is fibrous waste left after extraction of sugar cane juice from sugar cane. This material is normally used as a fuel for supplying of heat in multiple effect evaporators applied for the concentration of clarified sugar cane juice to produce crystalline sugar an in the manufacture of pulp and paper in some paper mills. It has turned out to be an economical practice. Many mills these days are applying it to produce electricity for their local needs. It is interesting that some are producing electricity not only for their own needs but also are selling surplus to the national grid. Importance of the study with respect to the world World energy resources are depleting very quickly and demand for energy is increasing with the development. Now world is searching for alternative sources of energy to continue development and save resources for our future generations. With decreasing resources cost of energy is increasing and its important to look for alternatives that are cheap in term of cost and economically feasible. Waste is an important topic in every country. The amount of waste produced has strongly grown in the last decades and continues to do so. Further, the treatment of waste has strong impacts on the environment as well as on the health status of the population. The only sustainable way for waste management is to reduce its amount through prevention, reuse and recycle of materials. Waste can be seen as a sign of inefficiency. The less efficiency the more waste. Inefficiency combined with continuous waste growth, means depleting earths material resources. The resources on earth are limited. In order to preserve them for our next generations they deserve to be used efficiently. More waste means more treatment. Nearly all waste treatments have emissions. These emissions result in impacts on human health and environment. In heavily populated regions, it becomes steadily more difficult to find space for disposal sites. Also cost of collection and treatment of waste is increasing so we need to utilize the waste in such a way that it can give us some return to cover these costs. Electricity is very important for world to develop and progress. It has not only made our lives easier but also provided safety. Different organizations in world are trying to find out cost effective sources of producing electricity and production of electricity from waste is one option under consideration. For whole world it is a cost effective and environmental friendly source of energy which can help in reduction of carbon dioxide and GHG emission for mankind. Although some other options like electricity from nuclear are considered cheapest source of electricity but these are quickly dangerous too in case of any natural disaster example of recent days is catastrophe of Japans nuclear reactors which has left man to rethink is it wise to generate energy at the cost of mankind or our earth. Production of electricity from MSW would be less catastrophic as compare to atomic or other resources. Importance of study with respect to Pakistan Population of Pakistan is increasing day by day and the demand of electricity is also increasing due to the increasing consumption. Electricity Crisis is the prime issue in Pakistan which has, more or less, affected all sectors of Pakistans machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, threat of energy crisis can be overcome by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. One of their options can be looking for alternative source of producing electricity like production of electricity from MSW. Its a new entity in power generation during last 1-2 decades. It is a cheap resource in many ways for man which needs less infrastructure, cost and resources. Moreover it is a renewable source of energy which will put no stress on our natural resources and these biofuel resources can be preserved for future generations. It will help in meeting the need of local farmers by fertilizers production. It will create job opportunities which will help to eliminate poverty from Pakistan. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan, to utilize the available energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country. A typical solid waste management system in our country displays an array of problems, including low collection coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control. These public health, environmental, and management problems are caused by various factors which constrain the development of effective solid waste management systems. This research can be used as to prevent from waste by reusing the waste for production of electricity. This process will lead to less GHG and acidic gases emission. Much needed land used for dumping this everyday waste can be used for other purposes. It will also help in facilitating the municipal corporation, restaurants and other commercial producers of waste in managing waste and efficient collection of municipal waste will lead to clear environment and healthy society. Municipal solid Waste Definition Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is defined as waste collected by a municipality. It concerns waste from households (82 % of total MSW), small business, office buildings and institutions such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, waste from parks and street cleaning (Eurostat, 2003, pp. 16). Municipal solid waste, also called trash, garbage, refuse and rubbish, is the stuff we throw away every day. In our trash are everyday items such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspaper, appliances, and batteries that we dont need any more. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated by people and by businesses. Not counted as MSW are other discarded materials such as construction and demolition debris, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, and non-hazardous industrial wastes. Although these materials often end up in landfills. Figure depicts the composition of MSW. The yearly amount of MSW collected in Lahore is 1,642,500 tons/year. That is 4500tons/day. Municipal Solid Waste management Many researchers believe waste can be viewed as an indication of inefficiency. If inefficiency continues with waste that mean earth material resources are draining. We already have limited resources so we need to look for alternatives that can help us in preserving these resources for our future generations. No waste is not possible so we need to find a solution which can maintain it to a sustainable level. If we want to reduce waste amount heavily it cannot be done unless we compromise our comfort of living. Also only reducing waste will not solve our issues its a complex problem can only be solved if we are considering many options. There are a number of methods of solid waste disposal. Many countries have adopted Waste management hierarchy to maintain waste to a sustainable level. Following directives have been given to European states for their waste management. (Eurostat, 2003, p85; www.europa.eu.int). The waste management hierarchy: Prevention, re-use, recycling and recuperation of energy and materials get priority. Principle of Best Available Technology (BAT): disposal facilities must be equipped with the best available technology. The BAT is selected on technological, environmental and economic criteria. Principle of proximity: Waste must be treated as close as possible to the place of production or collection. Principle of Self-sufficiency: Every member state, every community is responsible of its own waste. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP): Waste disposal facilities must not be paid by tax payers money, but by the polluter. Following are some MSW management options Prevention Its first option for waste management authorities because it has no harmful effect to the preservation of resources, environment and has no cost associated with it.It is also called source reduction because it eliminates pollution at the sources. Recycling Recycling is process in which waste is changed to a valuable resource that can be used for financial, environmental and social benefits. It prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants. It also decrease burden from natural resources. It saves energy necessary to produce new materials. Composting In this method organic matter is broken down through uncontrolled anaerobic processes, releasing all produced methane into the atmosphere. There are no technical and investment barriers to this option. It is a feasible option but with severe environmental consequences. Incineration The reduction in available land for landfill and the growing amount of garbage have become a major problem for many municipalities. Therefore incineration has become a solution for this problem, reducing significantly the volume of waste. Despite this advantage, Municipal Waste Incineration has many environmental problems that need to be overcome before using incineration processes as the major waste management option. Land-filling: Sanitary landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of disposal, but only if suitable land is within economic range of the source of the wastes; typically, collection and transportation account for 75 percent of the total cost of solid waste management. Gases are generated in landfills through anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste. If a significant amount of methane is present, it may be explosive; proper venting eliminates this problem. The methane produced in the landfills is an excellent fuel. If can be collected through the pipes and subsequently supplied for producing heat, electricity and light. Research Question Secondary research in this topic show that there is a very limited research done on the ways of producing electricity from different alternative resources. When we look at the condition of Pakistan, we are facing with a lot of energy crisis and a lot of work in required in looking for alternative ways of producing electricity. So my research question is Is production of electricity from municipal solid waste of Lahore financially feasible? Literature Review Faaij , A. et al. (1997) in this study the technical feasibility and the economic and environmental performance of atmospheric gasification of biomass wastes and residues integrated with a combined cycle for electricity production are investigated for Dutch conditions. Both secondary and primary sources were used. Secondary source used were previous studies done on gasification of biomass waste and primary experiment was done in which the system selected for study is an atmospheric circulating fluidized bed gasifier-combined cycle (ACFBCC) plant based on the General Electric LM 2500 gas turbine and atmospheric gasification technology, including flue gas drying and low-temperature gas cleaning. The results of study shows that the kWh costs are very sensitive to the system efficiency but only slightly sensitive to transport distance; this is an argument in favor of large power-scale plants. As a waste treatment option the concept seems very promising. There seem to be no fundamental te chnical and economic barriers that can hamper implementation of this technology. Mark H. et al.(2002) examined the recovery of energy by pre-processing the combustible components of MSW and using them as a fuel in a properly designed combustion reactor and thermoelectric plant to generate electricity and process steam. Data was collected using secondary sources. Secondary source used were the article on waste management from which author abstracted data. They concludes in his study that waste minimization by means of better design of products and packaging is highly desirable. Also, the best way of managing municipal solid wastes is by recovering recyclable materials. The results of this study also indicate that energy recovery from MSW can reduce considerably the amount of land consigned annually to landfilling and also decrease to a small extent dependence on fossil fuels. Murphy J and McKeogh E. (2003) have done technical, economic and environmental analysis of energy production from MSW. In this article Primary research was done in order to quantify the MSW and Secondary research was done to find out the four technologies which produce energy from municipal solid waste. They explained that residual components of MSW are incinerated producing electricity at an efficiency of 20% and thermal products at an efficiency of 55%. They further explained in his article that gasification produces more electricity than incineration but it requires a smaller gate fee than incineration and when thermal product is not utilized generates less greenhouse gas per KWh than incineration. Both biogas technologies require significantly less investment costs than the thermal conversion technologies (incineration and gasification) and have smaller gate fees. Of the four technologies investigated transport fuel production requires the least gate fee. Dubois M. et al. (2004) carried out a study on municipal solid waste treatment in the European Union. This study goes through most of the available techniques related to disposal of waste, as well as the environmental and health impacts created by them and different ways of treating municipal solid waste: Recycling, composting, incineration and land filling. Secondary sources are used for collecting data about the municipal solid waste treatment and for its quantification. The researchers defined Municipal Solid Waste Management as the generation, separation, collection, transfer, transportation and disposal of waste in a way that takes into account different parameters, such as public health, economics, environment, conservation, and aesthetics and is responsive to public demands. They reported that yearly amount of MSW collected in Western Europe was 210 million tons/year. The authors recommended that Principle of Best Available Technology (BAT): disposal facilities must be equippe d with the best available technology. The BAT is selected on technological, environmental and economic criteria and Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) must be strictly followed. In response, landfill directive was introduced which aimed at prevention or reduction of negative impacts of land filling on the environment and health. The waste prevention is the highest priority in EU. The study indicates that the major stress in European Union is on recycling and minor on its disposal by incineration to produce electricity. And in the end it concludes that only sustainable way for waste management is to reduce its amount through prevention, reuse and recycle of materials. Renbi B and Sutanto M. (2000) reviewed the practices and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore. This article gives an overview of current solid waste management situation and provides a brief discussion of the future challenges. Due to the rapid industrialization and economic development there is a tremendous increase in solid waste generation in Singapore. The solid waste incineration has been identified as management saw that land is extremely scarce. Therefore solid waste incineration has been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Barry, F (Barry, 1973) has done a study on waste heat utilization. In this article, different sources of waste heat have been discussed. Uses of waste heat in closed-agriculture offer a way to use thermal discharges from power plants and industrial processes. The use of waste heat in aquaculture is highly possessive. Along with development, some technological problems have been highlighted. Ernst B (Ernst, 1996) carried out study on clean fuels from municipal solid waste for fuel buses in metropolitan areas. In this case he explained that due to increasing MSW, costs of landfills are increasing day by day. So he gave an idea that MSW can be used for production of fuel which can be very cost efficient. He compared different costs and shown that production of fuel form MSW is most convenient and cost efficient way. Kagawa S. et al. (1999) undertook a study which aimed at the utilization of low temperature thermal energy. Both primary and secondary sources were used. Secondary source used were the articles on utilizing waste to produce thermoelectricity. Primary research was done by an experiment in which a thermoelectric generator was applied to a municipal solid waste incinerator. Oil was used on the hot side as the heat transfer medium and water was used on the cold side. A running test was passed out with 22 times on/off heat cycles. The operating time was 115 hours. No significant degradation of the thermoelectric module was observed throughout the test period. Judith D. et al. (1965) emphasizes in his article that thermal power is one of the key element which lead towards the economic development. That is why technology should be effectively managed, as it is going to save ones resources. He compares the thermal power with the hydroelectric and makes the hydroelectric superior over the thermal in contributing to the economic development. Sufian M and Bala B,k carried out a study on modeling of electrical recovery from urban solid waste system. Data was collected from Dhaka City Corporation .They took the case of Dhaka city in which he described that the percentage of total electricity demand supplied from solid waste decreases with time. However MSW could still supply a significant electricity demand of Dhaka. So adoption of a policy for electrical recovery from urban solid waste of Dhaka should be dictated by the economies and the environmental implications. Thomas S (Thomas, 1993) has studied the energy resources of India and explains their underdevelopment in terms of lack of energy resources. He further says that alternative resources should be used to cover the problem of scarce resources in India. Inefficiency of production and distribution is one of the reason which gave rise the problem of scarce resources. Methodology Research Type Qualitative data will be acquired from a mix of primary and secondary data. The focus would be on secondary research along with analysis of in-depth interviews conducted of Lahore compost limited (a private limited company set up to operate compositing facilities) representatives. Data Type and Research Period Both primary and secondary data will be gathered. The primary data will be collected through in-depth interviews. Interviews from Waste management authorities will be based upon collection procedure, quantity and nature of solid waste. Secondary data will be about production of electric power from solid waste. Secondary data will be cross sectional. Sources of Primary Data Different sources of data that supplied information about the solid waste include Lahore Compost Limited Lahore Urban Unit Lahore Waste Management Company City District Government Lahore. Sources of Secondary Data The secondary data will be collected from literature in different libraries and published material by different people who have recently done work in this field and by reading various articles on Internet. Dependent Variable: Electricity Production Independent Variables: Biodegradable waste Recyclable  material Inert  waste Composite wastes Domestic  hazardous waste  Ã‚  toxic waste Operational Definitions Biodegradable waste: is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms. Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Recyclable material: Recyclable waste or materials can be processed and used again. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Inert waste: Inert waste is waste which is neither chemically or biologically reactive and will not decompose. Examples of this are sand, drywall, and concrete. This has particular relevance to landfills as inert waste typically requires lower disposal fees than biodegradable waste or hazardous waste. Composite wastes: Composite waste material is a product of material waste such as vegetable waste, plant waste, dungs, food product, waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys. Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste: Leftover household products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients are considered to be household hazardous waste or HHW. Products, such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides that contain potentially hazardous ingredients require special care when you dispose of them. Relationship between variables: There is a positive relationship between the Independent variables and dependent variables. As with the increase in independent variables which are our types of municipal solid waste there will be an increase in total quantity of MSW. So with the greater quantity of MSW we can produce more and more of steam and fuel gasses which can further produce higher quantity of electricity for us. Research Hypotheses The following hypotheses were developed to study the relationship of the variables: Hypothesis1: H0: increase in Biodegradable waste will not increase quantity of electricity produced. H1: increase in Biodegradable waste will increase quantity of electricity produced. Hypothesis2: H0: decrease in Recyclable material will not decrease quantity of electricity produced. H1: decrease in Recyclable material will increase quantity of electricity produced. Hypothesis3: H0: increase in Inert waste will not increase quantity of electricity produced. H1: increase in Inert waste will increase quantity of electricity produced. Hypothesis4: H0: decrease in Composite wastes will not decrease quantity of electricity produced. H1: decrease in Composite wastes will decrease quantity of electricity produced. Hypothesis5: H0: increase in Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste will not increase quantity of electricity produced. H1: increase in Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste will increase quantity of electricity produced. Techniques Cost analysis will be done by using NPV technique. Steam power generation will be used in production model through gas insertion at it has low gate fee. Process used for production of electricity Different plants are developed in order to increase the efficiency of electricity production from waste. The process and plant we will be using is of REIs Recovered Energy Systemà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ developed by PIAENERGY. (http://www.piaenergy.com) Process Flow Description The following is a description of REIs Recovered Energy Systemà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ process for transforming Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) into energy and useable by-products. The process can be broken down into four sub-systems: material handling, thermal transformation or plasma gasification, gas clean up, and steam and energy production. A flow diagram is shown at the end. Material Handling The incoming waste is weighed in and then deposited on the tipping floor from any of the trucks currently in use that pick-up and or transfer MSW. No tedious sorting or handling is needed. The only separation that is required will be large oversized pieces that wont fit into the shredder, heavy metal items like engines that may slow down the shredder or items that need special pre-processing. Hazardous waste and medical waste are handled separately and not co-mingled with normal waste. The system is designed to process waste as quickly as possible. During delivery hours the waste is delivered faster than it can be gasified. Part of the waste is stored for processing at night and on weekends and holidays. Any oversized material is shredded and then conveyed to storage. The waste is completely cycled every 3-4 days. Should unscheduled shutdowns occur, the waste received from the municipality goes into the storage area which is designed to handle normal surges and continue accepting the waste. Thermal Transformation The waste is injected into the upper part of thermal transformer (also referred to as the plasma gasifier or reactor) and piles up in the body of the reactor. The plasma torches located at the bottom of the reactor generate a flame that is between 5000-8000 ° F. The organic material does not burn because there is not enough oxygen. The organic matter is transformed to a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N). This gas contains substantial energy and can be used in a variety of ways. The hot gas rises up through the waste piled in the reactor and begins the gasification process on the material piled in the reactor. By the time the waste has reached the bottom of the reactor, the high temperature, oxygen starved environment has totally transformed all organic compounds into a gas. The gas that exits from the top of the reactor and is made up of primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water and nitrogen. Small amounts of chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, particulate, carbon dioxide and metals with boiling points less than 2280 ° F are contained in the gas. Because of the low oxygen atmosphere and high temperature, the base elements of the gas cannot form toxic compounds such as furans, dioxins, NOx, or sulfur dioxide in the reactor. As the gas exi