thirty years war Essay

thirty years war Essay thirty years war Essay Why did the Thirty-Years War start in the Czech Lands? Background: The Peace of Augsburg Not stabilized the religious structure of Germany Failure to recognize Calvinists, the ecclesiastical reservation The Bohemian Crisis Two-thirds of the population of Bohemia was Protestant and a mere one-tenth Roman Catholic Letter of Majesty of July 1609 Freedom of conscience for all Bohemian subjects Liberty of worship for the nobles and those towns which belonged to the crown Control of ecclesiastical organization within the kingdom to rest with the Estates Matthias, later became the emperor, confirmed the Letter of Majesty and was crowned king of Bohemia In 1617 the Archduke Ferdinand of Styria, a hard-line Catholic, had been designated heir to the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary Initially Ferdinand consented that he guaranteed the Letter of Majesty Of the ten Deputies Ferdinand appointed to rule Bohemia, only three were Protestant Later, Ferdinand asserted two new Protestant churches at Klostergrab and Brunau were illegal in the sense of being on royal land The Defenestration of Prague In May 1618, the Protestant nobles decided to confront the Deputies in person. They singled out two Catholic regents, Jaroslav Vorstia von Martinitz and Wilhelm Slawata in Prague Castleln, accused them of plotting to subvert Bohemian religious liberty, and then threw them and a secretary out of a window . The rebellion grew as the Bohemian estates, controlled by Hussites and Protestants, formed a provisional government They began canvassing Protestant Europe for allies and initiated a program of repression against Catholicism The conflict moved toward war, after the death of Emperor Matthias in May 1619 and the Imperial and Bohemian succession of Crown Prince Ferdinand as Emperor Ferdinand II The

Spelling Tips Our 10 “Most Wanted” Homophones

Spelling Tips Our 10 â€Å"Most Wanted† Homophones Spelling Tips: Our 10 â€Å"Most Wanted† Homophones Homophones- i.e., words that sound the same but differ in spelling and meaning- can cause a lot of confusion when you’re not sure which term to use in your written work. Some mix-ups are definitely more common than others, though, so here’s our list of ten prominent â€Å"reoffenders.† Keep an eye out for them when you’re next writing something! 10. Than/Then Only one letter separates these terms, but each one has a distinct meaning. â€Å"Then† is used when referring to time: Call me at eight. I’ll be ready by then. Or when discussing consequences: If you struggle with spelling, then you might want to hire a proofreader! â€Å"Than,† meanwhile, is used primarily for making comparisons: I’m better at grammar than spelling. 9. Hear/Here â€Å"Hear† and â€Å"here† are very different words: while â€Å"hear† means â€Å"sense a sound† or â€Å"listen,† â€Å"here† means â€Å"in this place.† Keep in mind that â€Å"hear† contains â€Å"ear,† which is what you listen with! 8. Affect/Effect These are very easy to confuse, since both refer to change. The important distinction is that â€Å"affect† is a verb (i.e., the act of changing something), but â€Å"effect† is usually a noun (i.e., the result). 7. Where/Were/We’re Although they look similar on the page, you won’t want to confuse these terms in your work. â€Å"Where† refers to locations, â€Å"were† is the past tense of â€Å"are,† and â€Å"we’re† is short for â€Å"we are.† 6. Our/Are Mixing these up is common if English isn’t your first language, as they sound similar despite having very different meanings: â€Å"our† is a possessive pronoun meaning â€Å"belonging to us,† but â€Å"are† is a present tense form of the verb â€Å"to be.† 5. Now/Know In this case, the words look similar but are pronounced differently, as well as being importantly distinct in their use. â€Å"Now† means â€Å"at this time,† while â€Å"know† is a verb meaning â€Å"understand.† 4. There/Their/They’re Like â€Å"where,† â€Å"were† and â€Å"we’re,† these homophones are commonly confused due to being similarly spelled. To ensure clarity, remember that â€Å"there† means â€Å"in that place,† â€Å"their† means â€Å"belonging to them,† and â€Å"they’re† is an abbreviation of â€Å"they are.† 3. It’s/Its Although apostrophes are often used to indicate possession, the possessive pronoun â€Å"its† doesn’t need one. If you’re forming a contraction of â€Å"it is† or â€Å"it has† (i.e., â€Å"it’s†), however, you should use an apostrophe to show that letters have been omitted. 2. Too/To Another common error is mixing up â€Å"too† (an adverb meaning â€Å"also† or â€Å"excessively†) and â€Å"to† (a preposition that often indicates direction or duration, as well as being used in combination with infinitive verbs). Even if you know the difference between these homophones, keep in mind that it’s easy to make a typo! 1. Your/You’re At the top of our list of â€Å"most wanted† homophones are â€Å"your† and â€Å"you’re,† simply because they’re so commonly mistaken in day-to-day writing (just check social media if you don’t believe us). Remember, though, that â€Å"your† is a possessive pronoun that means â€Å"belonging to you† (e.g., â€Å"Your spelling is outstanding!†), while â€Å"you’re† is a contraction of â€Å"you are† (e.g., â€Å"You’re a great speller!). Believed to be armed and dangerous. Report to your local proofreader immediately.